Exploring the Phytoconstituents, Differential Pharmacology, and Interaction with Empagliflozin of Olea europaea Leaves Extracts

Indian Journal of Pharmaceutical Education and Research

  • Zinah Kadhim Saeed1Pharmacological and Diagnostic Research Centre, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology Al-Ahliyya Amman University, Amman, JORDAN.
  • Ali Mahmoud Al-Samydai1Pharmacological and Diagnostic Research Centre, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology Al-Ahliyya Amman University, Amman, JORDAN.
  • Moath Alqaraleh2Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Science, Al-Balqa Applied University, Al-Salt, JORDAN.
  • Nidal Adel Qinna3Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Petra University, JORDAN.
  • Bayan Yousef Ghanim3Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Petra University, JORDAN.
  • Amal Mayyas4Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, American University of Madaba, Madaba, JORDAN.
  • Deniz Al-Tawalbeh5Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Yarmouk University, Irbid, JORDAN.
  • Shrouq Taiseer Alsotari6Cell Therapy Center, The University of Jordan, Amman, JORDAN.
  • Walhan Alshaer6Cell Therapy Center, The University of Jordan, Amman, JORDAN.
  • Farah Al-Mamoori7Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zarqa University, Zarqa, JORDAN.
  • Lidia Kamal Al-Halaseh8Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mutah University, Al-Karak, JORDAN.

Volume 58 Issue 3s Pages s1008-s1017

DOI: 10.5530/ijper.58.3s.100

Abstract

Background: The Olea europaea L. leaves have long been used in treating various illnesses. Its pharmacological activity based on the phytoactive constituents; therefore, optimizing the extraction process should intensify the benefits. Aim: The study aimed to optimize the extraction process for O. europaea L. leaves, evaluate their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities, and explore their influence on the biochemical parameters of diabetic animals. Materials and Methods: The differential pharmacology of the extracts and combinatorial therapy with the antidiabetic agent; empagliflozin, were explored. The aims were accomplished after several in vitro and animal studies: quantification of flavonoid and phenol content, measurement of the antioxidant activity, identification of the active constituents, and assessment of hepatic and renal functions, lipid profile, and glycemic status. In addition, molecular biology tools were used to measure the expression of the inflammatory mediators IL-6 and IL1beta. Results: Findings reveal that the hydroalcoholic binary system reinforced by the sonication yields the highest polyphenol (44.40±1.414 mg/g dry extract equivalent to gallic acid) and total flavonoids (31.0700±1.202 mg/g dry extract equivalent to quercetin). Extract by the same system showed high substantial antioxidant activity. HPLC-MS/MS reveals oleuropein and its aglycon, o- and p-coumaric acid, hydroxytyrosol acetate, and betaine compounds. A significant reduction in the average weight was recorded in diabetic mice (29.79±2.88 g) compared to the control (32.61±2.57 g). A significant reduction in producing the inflammatory mediators IL-6 and IL1 beta was measured. Conclusion: Olive leaves are a potential addition to conventional medicines to enhance the health profile of diabetic mice.

Keywords

  • Olive
  • Olea europaea L.
  • Diabetes
  • Phytoanalysis
  • IL-6
  • IL1 beta
  • Phytotherapy
  • Biodiversity
  • Sustainability
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